Confirmed/Incomplete – Page 6

“Ordinance” issued by the Bohemian Government [Present-day Czech Republic]: “[…] no Jew from Bohemia may move away in order to settle in a different heredity land without the receipt of a legitimate registration permit (‘Meldezettel’) for a specific period of time from the Jewish district tax collector (‘Bezirkssteuer-Einnehmer’) […] and if he is inclined to […]

“Governmental Circular” issued by the Austrian Government [Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria]: “Jews are prohibited to peddle.” Das Ganze der österreichischen politischen Administration, mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf das Erzherzogthum Österreich unter der Enns. In systematisch geordnetem Abhandlungen dargestellt von Joh. Ludwig Ehrenreich Grafen von Barth-Barthenheim. (Wien; 1843); (The entire Austrian, political administration, with particular attention […]

“Royal Court Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Court [Present-day Austria]: “[…] The Polish Jews, who are pursuing a legitimate trade with goods, are also to register with the authorities and have them issue a permit that proves/shows that they are eligible and genuine trades people. […] all Jews who have not been recognized by […]

“Royal Court Decree” (“Hofdecret”) issued by the Royal Imperial Court of Austria and addressed to the Galician Government [Present-day Austria, Poland and Ukraine]: “[…] The Jews of Galicia may not send any plenipotentiary [person with authority/full power to take action on someone or a group’s behalf] to Vienna without having received the permission of the […]

“Law on the Settlement and Migration of Jews in the Russian Empire” issued by Catherine the Great [Russia]: “Article 4. In addition to the provinces and districts listed in the preceding section, a permanent residence is permitted to the Jews, with the following restrictions: …Article 11. Jews who have gone abroad without a legal exit-permit […]

“Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria, Czech Republic; House of Habsburg-Lorraine]: “Jews are not to be permitted to manipulate (handle) the community funds without leaving a deposit, and those who disregard this caution will be required to replace any damages that result from disobeying this order […].” Auszug aller im Königreiche Böhmen bestehenden […]

“Court Rescript” (‘Hofreskript’) issued by Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II addressed to the Government of Tyrol [Present-day Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary]: “[…] all Jews who have a proper trade and business are prohibited to peddle – except to visits the markets – or to send their Jewish servants around to peddle in the […]

“Decree” issued by the Senate of Frankfurt [Present-day Germany; Free Imperial City of Frankfurt]: “[…] However, since the aforementioned Jews are not to be permitted to appear as advocates (lawyers) or as assistants of the legal profession in local courts and to be used as litigators or attorneys or to take on the role of solicitors […]

“Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria, Czech Republic; House of Habsburg-Lorraine]: “Even though Jews are not permitted to do business in the land/district near the Enns according to current law except during main annual markets, a number of Bohemian Jews have been given passports which grant them unrestricted trade, that is why it […]

“Governmental Circular” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria]: “[…] [for tolerated Jews] to offer a foreign Jew without a residency-ticket/permit (‘Aufenthaltsschein’) shelter, [or] to put them up in their home, or to keep them past the appointed/specified time, or [worse yet] to pass them up as their servant […] is prohibited to Jews with […]

“Governmental Circular” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria; Archduchy of Austria]: “Jews are permitted to purchase old and new clothing items as well as other commodities. However, they are prohibited to [re]sell these outside of the regular market hours at the threat of confiscation [of the items]. […]” [Researcher’s note: A similar prohibition was contained […]

“Royal Court Chancellery Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Chancellery [Present-day Austria]: “[…] Jews are not permitted to attain [the title and a decree of] ‘Doctors of Canonical Law’ (‘Doctores Juris canonici’), however, [they may] become ‘Doctors of Civil Law’ (‘Doctores juiris civilis’) and also attorneys at law (‘Advocaten’) and represent Jews and Christians in […]

“Royal Court Decision” issued by the Royal Court of Austria [Present-day Austria]: “Those Jews, who can demonstrate the cause of their presence in Vienna, may be given permission to stay longer […] but under no circumstances [or pretext] past the time determined in their license […] such Jews, who enter [the city] after the expiration […]

“Royal Court Announcement” (‘Hofbescheid’) issued by the Austrian Royal Court [Present-day Austria; Archduchy of Austria]: “Jews are prohibited to sell fur items outside of the regular market hours […] peddling with [such items] is completely prohibited to them, which applies especially to the Polish Jews. […]” [Researcher’s note: This prohibition was renewed/reissued via the Royal Chamber […]

“Royal Court Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Court [Present-day Austria; Archduchy of Austria]: “The trade of rabbit-pelt/skins (‘Hasenbälgen’) by Jews is regulated according to what has been decided about their residency (permission to be present) in general. […]” Erzherzogthum Oesterreich unter der Enns. Von Christian Johann Paurnfeindt, wirklichen k. k. Rath und Referenten bei dem […]

“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria]: “[…] Jewish boys are therefore to be admitted to Latin schools in the same manner as Christian boys without exception, as long as they have a legally proper school certificate/school report (‘Zeugnis’) from a regular school or a ‘Hauptschule’* (‘Normal- oder Hauptschule’). [However] Jewish children, who […]

“Royal Court Decree” (‘Hofdekret’) issued by the Bohemian Government [Present-day Austria; Czech Republic, Germany, etc.; Kingdom of Bohemia]: “[…] to receive permission to exhibit the Torah, Jews are required to pay a tax of fifty Gulden, which are to be used by the Jewish schools. […]” Dr. Johnn Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere […]

“Governmental Circular” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria; Archduchy of Austria]: “The roaming around and trading (‘Tändeln’)* with clothing articles and other items/commodities in houses, vaults/business-stands (‘Gewölben’), open alleys (‘Gassen’), and streets is prohibited to the Jews with the real threat of an arrest and – depending on the circumstances – other corporal punishments. […]” […]

“Ordinance” issued by Adolphus Fredrick (‘Adolf Friedrich’) IV [Archduchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; Present-day Germany]: “Each Jew having received concession* (‘Ein jeder concessionierter Jude’) shall be required to produce his letter of protection* (‘Schutzbrief’) or passport at any time while he’s traveling or doing business [on the road]” [Researcher’s note: *Both of these terms referred to having […]

“Governmental Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria; Archduchy of Austria]: “The roaming around and trading (‘Tändeln’)* with clothing articles and other items/commodities in houses, vaults/business-stands (‘Gewölben’), open alleys (‘Gassen’), and streets is prohibited to the Jews with the real threat of an arrest and – depending on the circumstances – other corporal punishments. […]” […]

“Patent for Galicia Regarding the Jewry” issued by Emperor Joseph II for Galicia [Present-day Poland and Ukraine]: “[…] 5) After 6 years, counting from the first election, which will take place as ordered by this patent, the knowledge* (attendance) of a German school will become an indispensable requirement. […] 9) If a Jew wishes to […]

“Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria, Czech Republic; House of Habsburg-Lorraine]: “[…] Jews are to be required to pay twice the school fees (‘Schulgeldes’) if they do not have a (tested and) certified home-teacher, and do not send their school aged children to their own or a Christian school […]” Auszug aller im […]

“Jewish Tax in Bohemia” issued by Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II [Present-day Austria]: “[…] 1) […] The number of Jews, which were [limited to] 8541 until now, has been increased to 8600. 2) The government is to split the newly arriving Jewish families among the currently existing Jewish communities and to determine/fix the number of […]

“Royal Court Decree” (‘Hofdekret’) issued by the Bohemian Government [Kingdom of Bohemia; Present-day Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, etc.]: “Jews may hold services in their houses, in places where there is no synagogue. […] if they, however, wish to exhibit the Torah, they are required to ask for this permission explicitly. […]” Dr. Johnn Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. […]

“Decree” issued by the Austrian Government [Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria]: “[…] citizenship cannot be granted to foreigners who do not wish to settle in the hereditary lands just as they cannot be granted to Jews. […]” Politischer Coder. Dreizehnter Band. Josephinische Gesetze von 1789 bis 20 Febr. 1790. U. D. Politischer Coder, oder wesentliche […]

“Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government [Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria]: “Jews are prohibited from dawdling (‘Trödeln’)* […]” [Researcher’s note: Even though the word “Trödeln” by itself is mainly (and exclusively) associated in modern German with the act of dawdling and roaming around without an aim, in the past it was often associated with the […]

“Royal Decree” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria, Czech Republic; House of Habsburg-Lorraine]: “Jewish coats, which are usually made of lower grade/quality wool, are only to be categorized as such, if they are circulated in pieces that are 6 Ell or larger. However, the factory owner, who manufactures these, must not cut them up […]

“Royal Court Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Court [Present-day Austria]: “[…] The Jews in the State of Austria, are to be used in the military service – just like all the other subjects; however, not as armed [soldiers with rifles] (‘zum Feuergewehr’), but only as cartage-servants (‘Fuhrwesenknechte’) […]” [Researcher’s note: A decree was issued […]

“Ordinance” issued by the city government of Riga [Present-day Latvia]: “On the order of Her Imperial Majesty, the sovereign ruler of all Russians addressed to the city government of Riga and the 6-member-city-council. […] 1) Except Jewish/Hebrew families who have either received special permission of the highest order or a concession from the government […] may […]

“Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government [Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria]: “Jews are prohibited from trading with knick-knacks. […]” Oesterreichische Gewerbs und Handelsgesetzkunde mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf das Erzherzogtum Oesterreich unter der Ens. Ein Versuch von Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich Grafen von Barth-Barthenheim. Fünfter Band. Fortsetzung der Polizeyeschäftigungensrechte. (Wien; 1819) (Austrian trade and commercial laws with […]

“Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria, Czech Republic; House of Habsburg-Lorraine]: “The nummerus localis* of the Jews shall not be surpassed.” [Researcher’s note: *Most localities had a pre-determined “number of spots” called “Familienstellen” which could be assigned to Jews. This number could not be surpassed, and if the sons of a Jew wanted […]

“Royal Court Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Court [Present-day Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary]: “Even though the Jews were finally granted new permission to sell on the main annual markets in the Austrian hereditary lands through the ordinance of September 9, 1783, the special concession cannot be extended beyond its specific [current] content, which […]

“Instruction for the Higher Police-Authorities” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria]: “8) Classification of Jews in Vienna. The Jewry of Vienna is classified into two categories (‘Gattungen’): 1) into tolerated, or those who are subject to pay an annual fee/tax and are [therefore] protected, and (then) 2) into foreign Jews. The tolerated [Jews] may […]

“Ordinance” published in the Imperial Leaflet [Present-day Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary]: “[…] Jews are prohibited to purchase common ash. […] They are permitted to collect ash only with special permission. […]” Dr. Joh. Luksche’s, weiland kaiserl. mähr. schles. Appelationsrathes, Besondere Rechte der Personen Mährens und Schlesiens, vorzüglich in politischer Hinsicht. Zweiter Band; (Brünn, […]

“Customs-Patent” (‘Zollpatent’) issued by the Austrian Customs Authorities [Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria]: “[…] 1) Only [non-Jewish] businessmen in the cities and markets 2) Bohemian carters, and only in the customs/border cities (‘Legstätten’) of this kingdom […] and 3) Jews, who have been granted special permission by the authorities […] are allowed to trade with […]

“Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria, Czech Republic; House of Habsburg-Lorraine]: “In those areas/places (‘Orten’) where there is a Jewish community, all leaders of the Jewish community are to report the death of a Jewish person to the courts under their own liability. Considering that the Jews live scattered, the r[oyal] regional office […]

“[Royal] Court Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Court [Present-day Austria, Czech Republic]: “[…] it appears that the registry drawn up by the Hebrew translator in Bohemia of the permitted first names for Jews is not written expediently, because it contains mainly those Hebrew first names, that cannot be turned/given in[to] German and are only […]

“Gubernatorial Ordinance” (for Galicia) issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria, Poland, and Ukraine]: “[Regarding] Production/Manufacturing Potassium Nitrate. (‘Salnitererzeugung’). In order to prevent fraud in terms of trading with powder and potassium nitrate, from which the Jews have been excluded via the Patent of April 13, 1786 […] this can also be applied to cases […]

Patent on the Bearing of Certain Surnames by the Jewry, decreed by Emperor Joseph II, Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary & Croatia, King of Bohemia [Present-day Austria, Hungary and Croatia]: “In order to avoid any kind of disorder which usually occurs to some classes of people in political and judicial proceedings and in their private […]

“Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria]: “[…] The trading with knick-knacks (‘Das Trödeln’) is prohibited to Jews. […]” [Researcher’s note: ‘Trödeln” is mostly used as a verb in German and usually refer to the act of ‘dawdling.’ Here, however, the law seems to refer to the ‘aimless wandering’ and peddling of semi-useless household […]

“Patent of Peddling” issued by the Court Council (“Hofkanzlei”) [Present-day Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany]: “[…] In regards to the sales of goods, which happen from house-to-house, or the so-called peddling, we find it necessary to establish the following: […] 2) The Jew exclusively can only be permitted to peddle in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. […]

“Burial of the Dead,” decree issued by the government of Lower Austria [Austria]: “Jews may bury their dead only after 48 hours have passed since the time of death; exceptions may be issued only in the case of highly contagious diseases. Violators are to be fined appropriately by the police.“ Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte […]

“Royal Court Decree” issued by the Royal Court [Royal Court [House of Habsburg-Lorraine; Present-day Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lichtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine]: “Via the ordinance issued on the highest order of August 5, 1727, March 27, 1736, and 1st fall-month of […]

“Royal Court Decree” issued by the Royal Court [House of Habsburg-Lorraine; Present-day Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lichtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine]: “The current laws, which exclude the Jewry from all trade with salt, are to remain in effect.” [Researcher’s note: This Royal […]

“Salt Trade” decree of the Court (“Hofdekret”) [Present-day Czech Republic; Kingdom of Bohemia]: “The salt trade is prohibited to all Jews, […].” Kostentzky: Dominik: System der politischen Gesetze Böhmens zum bequemen Gebrauch für den Geschäfts- und Privatmann (“System of the Political Laws of Bohemia for the Business and Private Man”); (Prague; 1820); Researched and Translated […]

“Ordinance” issued by the Bohemian government [Present-day Czech Republic, Germany, etc.; Kingdom of Bohemia]: “Jewish tobacco-traffickers/traders (‘Tabak-Trafikanten’) are strictly prohibited to trade with any other items/merchandize [except tobacco] or face confiscation [of the items].” Polizeyliche Gesetzkunde für das Königreich Böhmen; enthaltend sämmtliche bis Ende 1828 für Böhmen ergangene Polizey- und sonstige hierauf Bezug nehmende Gesetze und […]

“Gubernatorial Ordinance” (‘Gubernialverordnung’) for Bohemia [Kingdom of Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic, Germany, Poland]: “Firstly: Since Jews live together in large families, and since a dead body lying there for 48 hours could start to rot and cause infections; and secondly, [because] they are prohibited to bury their dead on the Sabbath or other holy day, […]

“Ordinance” issued in Bohemia [Kingdom of Bohemia; Present-day Czech Republic, Germany, Poland]: “Since one has discovered incomprehensible abuse among the Jewish Nation in terms of the preservation of human life, [by which] the dead were buried the same day – often only a few hours after death – a practice which is an evil interpretation […]

“Ordinance” issued by Adolphus Fredrick (‘Adolf Friedrich’) IV [Archduchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; Present-day Germany]: “No Jew in Altstrelitz is to rent to another or be punished; but each is to make an effort to find his own quarters in such a way that rents are not driven any higher.” Repertorium der in den Herzogthum Mecklenburg-Strelitz geltenden […]

“Ordinance” of the Austria Government [Present-day Austria]: “[…] 36) […] all outside/foreign Jews – as well as all local Jews who apply for tolerance [permits] that exceed the pre-determined number [of tolerated Jews] are to be turned down. […]” Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster […]

“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary]: “All Jews who are under the age of 16 are to be required to attend regular (‘Normal’) school. […]” Beyträge zur Politischen Gesetzeskunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate. Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrenreich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim); Erster Band. (Wien; 1821) (Contributions to the Political Jurisprudence […]

“Ordinances Regarding Jews” issued by the Austrian Royal Court [Present-day Austria, Czech Republic]: “1) Since […] Jews tend to bury their dead while their bodies are still warm [and] in order to put and end to this violation [of a previous ordinance] it is generally ordered that before two times 24 hours (= 48 hours) […]

“Royal Court Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Court [Present-day Austria]: “[…] The tolerated Jews should gradually be introduced/initiated to the business-sectors (‘Nahrungszweige’) that have been extended to them, and [in doing] so, be made useful to the state, […] especially, the morality of their character should be improved by means of a [proper] school […]

“Ordinance” issued by Austrian Royal Court [Present-day Austria]: “[…] Foreign as well as all other Jews are prohibited from peddling in Vienna and on the countryside altogether or face confiscation of goods/merchandize. […]” Politische Verfassung der Israeliten im Lande unter der Enns und insbesondere in der k. k. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien. J. L. E. […]

Order, “For the purpose of limiting the number of protected-Jews” issued by Frederick Francis I, Duke of Mecklenburg [Present-day Germany; Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]: “Frederick Francis, Duke of Mecklenburg […] The number of privileged-Jews in this and other cities has increased so drastically due to the willingness of landlords/territorial lords to admit these strangers (‘Fremdlinge’) [into their […]

“Royal Court Decree” (‘Hofdecret’) issued by the Austrian Royal Court [Present-day Austria]: “[…] The jurisdiction of Jewish courts cannot […] be maintained/exist in any way, and therefore, all Jews are subject to local jurisdiction without further ado. […]” [Researcher’s note: This decree was issued on May 28 and made public on June 7, 1785, in Austria.] […]

“Official Royal Court Announcement” (‘Hofbescheid’) issued by the Austrian Royal Court [Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria]: “The Chief-Police-Authority/Directive (‘Polizeioberdirection’) is to be notified immediately and every time a whole-sale license or any other permit is granted to Israelis […]” Gesetze, Verordnungen und Vorschriften für die Polizei-Verwaltung im Kaiserthume Oesterreich. Erschienen in den Jahren 1740 bis […]

“Governmental Decree” issued by the Government of Prince-Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg [Present-day Germany; Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg/Holy Roman Empire]: “It has been reported [to us] that various Jews roam/run around (‘umherlaufen’) and pose as servants of protected Jews (‘Schutzjuden’) who in turn charge these vagabonds a certain annual fee and obtain passports from the authorities for them under […]

“Decree” of the Royal Chancellery [Present-day Austria; House of Habsburg-Lorraine]: “In order that the Jews, who eagerly occupy themselves with silly devil-banishments and such things, are not further fed in their fallacies through new writings and [… and so that] their education and elucidation/enlightenment isn’t delayed or even completely prevented, that is why in the […]

“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria]: “[…] in regards to the synagogue and the Rabbi for the Viennese Jews, the previously issued constitution is to remain valid.” [Researcher’s note: This decree was issued in response to requests of the Jewry to be permitted to create a prayer-house; however, since it was determined […]

“Publication/Order” issued by the [City] Council of Riga [Present-day Latvia]: “[It has come to the attention of the (City) Council that residents in the suburbs are offering accommodations to Jews against previously issued ordinances instead of referring them to the Jewish-hostel … ]. That is why the highly-noble Council orders all the residents in the suburbs […]

“Performance Permits,” decree issued by the government of Lower Austria to the Vienna Police Department [Austria]: “In the future, the Vienna Police Department is hereby prohibited from issuing any performance permits or residence permits to Jewish musicians, as this would be in conflict with the Charter of Tolerance.“ Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden […]

“Ordre Louis XVI” issued by Louis XVI [Present-day France]: “[…] the local authorities may no longer accept/admit Jews without the explicit permission of the king […]” Die Juden in Preussischen Staate. Die geschichtliche Darstellung der politischen, bürgerlichen und privatrechtlichen Verhältnisse der Juden in Preußen, nach den verschiedenen Landestheilen, von C. F. Koch, königl. Preuß. Oberlandes-Gerichts-Assessor […]

“Sale of Domestic and Foreign Books,” regulation issued by the government of Lower Austria [Austria]: “Books imported from the German Hereditary Lands into Vienna may be sold by Jews on the open markets under the general permission by the Censorship Office. However, Jews who bring books from foreign lands to market for sale, must seek […]

“Gracious Declaration-Edict, Regarding the Jewry in the Princely Oran[ange] Nassau Private Land. Given on the Day of 27 April 1784” issued by Prince Wilhelm d’Orange of Nassau [Holy Roman Empire; Principality of Orange-Nassau; Present-day Germany]: “By the Grace of God, Wilhelm, Prince (‘Prinz’) of Oranian, Prince (‘Fürst’) zu Passau, Count of Caltzenellenbogen […] The Jewry of Our Princely […]

“Rescript” issued via special order by von Blumenthal* [Present-day Germany, Poland etc.; Kingdom of Prussia]: “[…] on this side of the Weser, peddling Jews and other riff-raff shall only receive shelter/lodging in taverns (‘Krügen’)** but not on farms and other inns and [they may] not establish any depots. […]” [Researcher’s note: *Joachim Christian von Blumenthal was […]

“Order” of the Princely State Government (‘fürstl. Landes-Regierung’) [Holy Roman Empire; Present-day Germany; Princedom of Nassau-Diez, (Amt) Dillenburg]: “[… since] Jews from Leun and surrounding areas have dared to permit themselves to remain permanently in this land/country under the pretense of delivering soaps to chandlers/shopkeepers and to pursue all kinds of trade and to peddle; therefore, the […]

“Instruction” issued by the Landvogt-Court and addressed to the Jewish in Riga [Present-day Latvia]: “[…]1) The Jewish-elders […] shall be elected by the members of the community […]; however, he may not take office until he has been confirmed by the noble Landvogt-Court. 2) A new election is to take place each year in May, however, […]

Order of the State Council of the King [France]: “Every Jew will pay 2 f (florins) 6 d (deniers) and their pregnant wives the double …” [Researcher’s note: Regarding “leud” fees and tolls to be paid by Jews and collected for the benefit of Marie-Antoinette Carrion Baroness Murviel, lordess of Montagnac by decision of the Parliament […]

“Ordinance” of King George III and Prince-Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg [Present-day Germany; Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg/Holy Roman Empire]: “[…] it was earnestly ordered numerous times that foreign vagabonding beggar-Jews are not be be permitted entry into our German lands […] and since the contagious epidemic/plague coming from the levant and the borders of Poland and Russia requires utmost […]

“Ordinance of Mainz” issued by the Electorate of Mainz* [Electorate of Mainz; Present-day Germany]: “[…] Jews are obliged at the threat of nullification, to prepare and maintain their trade-books, contracts, and certificates/official documents in the German language and to use German letters/alphabet to sign them. […]” [Researcher’s note: *The Ordinance of Mainz (sometimes also known […]

“Decree” issued by the Austrian Government [Archduchy of Austria; Present-day Austria]: “The family-lists must be turned in by tolerated Jews according to the Patent of January 2, 1782, […] no later than the beginning of May or [they are to] be fined/punished […]” [Researcher’s note: A similar law was issued about a decade later on […]

“Royal Court Announcement” issued by the Royal Court [Present-day Austria]: “Since the public university is public and must be open to anyone [who wishes to attend], therefore, those foreigners of those religions which are tolerated or were not expelled from the hereditary lands, cannot be turned back, that is why – if they come to […]

“Governmental Notification” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria]: “‘Permits to be present’ (‘Aufenthaltsbolleten’) [for Jews] are to be granted once for the entire duration of the annual market, but not longer; however, after the markets end, only those who have other chores/businesses to attend to in Vienna and can produce [the necessary] permits can […]

“Court Decree” issued by Kaiser Joseph II [Lower Austria; Present-day Austria]: “[…] If a man or woman or whoever reports to any of the ‘higher or local’ municipalities (Ober- oder Kreisamt) and claims to be a Deist or an Israeli […] he (she) is to receive 24 lashes with a leather whip without further inquiry […]

“Governmental Decision/Notification” (‘Regierungsbescheid’) issued by the Austrian Government and addressed to the Galician Government [Present-day Austria, Poland and Ukraine]: “[…] no residency permit may be issued to any Jewish [Galician] professional [craftsman] [for the purpose ] of searching for work [in Vienna]. […]” Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich […]

“Ordinance” issued by Count Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl of Solms-Braunfeld [Present-day Germany; Principality of Solms-Braunfeld/House of Solms]: “The wives of Jews cannot claim any preference (special position/exemption) during a bankruptcy.” Uebersicht der Quellen der in den deutschen Bundesstaaten geltenden Land- und Lehnrechte, nebst Sammlungen derselben und Nachweisung der darüber vorhandenen Commentare und Schriften; von Dr. […]

“Royal Court Decree” issued by Austrian Government for Moravia [Present-day Czech Republic]: “Jews are prohibited to trade or [even] sell small quantities of salt.” [Researcher’s note: This reference to a prohibition was found in an authoritative source. It could be a translation and/or summary of the original text (the original may have been issued in […]

“Circular” issued by the Royal Prussian Kurmark[ian] Provincial Tax and Toll/Customs-Direction” [Present-day Germany, Poland etc.; Kingdom of Prussia]: “[…] to all tax and toll/customs offices in Kurmark (‘Accise- und Zoll-Aemter der Churmark’) […] that the porcelain – for which the Jews have received concession [to purchase] – must be taken/purchased from the royal porcelain factory and […]

“Decree” issued by the Royal Court Chancellery [Present-day Austria]: “[…] Jews (Jewry) who are [coming] from German and Bohemian hereditary lands (‘Erbländer’) as well as those from Galicia, are to be permitted to travel freely in and out of Hungary when they are able to present an extremely reliable certificate issued by their local authority […]

“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria]: “[…] no residency permits (‘Aufenthaltspassierungs-Bolleten’) are to be granted [to Jewish students] for the purpose of language-learning and studying, but such Jews are to be directed to the Royal Imperial Lower Austrian Government (‘k. k. n. ö. Regierung’) to seek their residency permits (‘Aufenthalts-Erlaubnis’) […]” Beyträge […]

“Royal Court Decree” issued by the Austrian Royal Court [Present-day Austria]: “[…] In order that the Jewry, who eagerly pick up silly things like devil exorcisms and such things, are at least not further fed in their errors by new books/writings and their education and enlightenment delayed or [worse] is made impossible altogether, the print […]

“Royal Court Decision” issued by the Austrian Royal Court [Present-day Austria]: “[…] [local] Jews – with the exception of foreign ones, who are legally only permitted to visit the main annual markets – are permitted to visit all annual markets on the country side with all of the permitted goods/merchandise […] made only in hereditary […]

“Governmental Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria]: “[…] The Viennese Magistrate is not to issue a Jew, who cannot prove to have [a] toleration [permit], permission to pour/dispense kosher wine or a tax form (‘Taxbolleten’). […]” Beyträge zur politischen Gesetzkunde im österreichischen Kaiserstaate; Herausgegeben von Johann Ludwig Ehrereich (Graf von Barth-Barthenheim): Erster Band; […]

“Governmental Decree” issued by the Austrian Government and addressed to the Galician Government [Present-day Austria, Poland and Ukraine]: “[…] no residency permits may be issued to Galician Jews for the sale of wine, horses, and books, as well as the pursuit of commercial trade, since such activities are only permitted to authorized trades-people and tolerated […]

“Decision” issued by the Royal Court [Present-day Austria]: “[…] On the other hand, teachers in ‘Gymnasien’* (‘Gymnasial-Lehrer’) must remind Jewish parents to ensure that their children always appear in school dressed decently and cleanly, and without any outer distinguishing signs, which could give the other boys opportunities for mockery. […] Even though all kinds of […]

“Veil Taxation Decree” for married Jewish women issued by the Austrian Royal Court [Present-day Austria]: “[…] a tax of 25 or 100 or 300 fl. is taken from soon-to-be-married Jewesses for a veil which they are required to wear according to the Mosaic Law before their marriage and turned over to the Lower Austrian government […]

“Directive” as to which authorities are legally entitled to issue permits to foreign Jews to be present in Vienna (‘Aufenthaltsbewilligung’) issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria]: “[…] Permits, which allow [foreign Jews] to be present are issued by 1. The Royal Imperial Chief Police Authority/Directive and 2. The Royal Imperial Lower Austrian Government. […] […]

“Jewish Patent” issued by Emperor Joseph II [Present-day Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary]: “[…] 1) The number of Jews shall remain restricted […] 2) They (Jews) are not to establish new book printing [businesses] but shall have their prayer and other books taken to Prague and Brünn. 3) They are to create proper schools […]

“Patent” issued by Emperor Francis [Present-day Austria]: “The permit-issuing authority can approve or deny – depending on the circumstances – permits to Jews to pursue a business, over which [permits] then the superior Court Office (‘Hofstelle’) has the last expertise (say), and things then take place in the same manner as they occur for Christians […]

“Ordinance” issued by Count Ferdinand Wilhelm Ernst of Solms-Braunfeld [Present-day Germany; Principality of Solms-Braunfeld/House of Solms]: “Jews may not charge/take more than 6 percent [in interests].” Uebersicht der Quellen der in den deutschen Bundesstaaten geltenden Land- und Lehnrechte, nebst Sammlungen derselben und Nachweisung der darüber vorhandenen Commentare und Schriften; von Dr. Karl Aug. Gründler, köngl. […]

“Royal Decree” issued by Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II [Present-day Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine; House of Habsburg/Habsburg Monarchy]: “[…] Jews are prohibited to dwell in mining-towns even at the time of the annual markets. […]” [Researcher’s note: In future […]

“Edict of Toleration for the Jews of Lower Austria” issued by Joseph II [Austria]: “(1) In the future also, the Jews in Vienna shall not constitute their own community, under their own direction…no public worship, no public synagogues, no press of their own for works in Hebrew…(2)…where no Jews have ever been domiciled, none shall […]

“Royal [Court] Decision” issued by the Royal Court [Present-day Austria]: “[…] The Jewish lads are, therefore, and without exception, to be considered equal to the Christian lads and to be admitted to the Latin school as soon as they are properly provided with a certificate from a normal or high school (‘Normal- oder Hauptschule’) […]” […]

“Ordinance for Jewish compatriots” issued by Duke Fredrick Francis I (‘Friedrich Franz’) of Mecklenburg-Schwerin [Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; Present-day Germany]: “‘Only Jews who are settled [in Mecklenburg-Schwerin] with their families are to be granted citizens rights.’ […] Frederick Francis, Duke of Mecklenburg […] Even though, we had graciously hoped that Our faithful cities were not granting foreign […]

“Decree” issued by Emperor Franz Joseph [Present-day Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary]: “[…] Jews are permitted to farm only where they are actually tolerated, but absolutely not everywhere they please […] and only on leased land – especially on unused (virgin) and uncultivated land […] but not on land that is under royal command […] which […]

“Ordinance” issued by the Austrian Government [Present-day Austria]: “[…] Jew must maintain their business and trade books in a language that is customary* in the nation (‘langesüblich’) or otherwise see them nullified. […]” [Researcher’s note: *This basically meant that Jews were prohibited from maintaining their trades-books in Hebrew. A mandate issued in 1782 permitted business-owners […]

“Ordinance” issued by Adolphus Fredrick (‘Adolf Friedrich’) IV [Archduchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; Present-day Germany]: “The eldest (representatives) and principles of the Jewry shall henceforth sign their reports [they submit] to the Dukian government (‘ihre Berichte an die herzogl. Regierung’) altogether or include the reason why this did not occur.” Repertorium der in den Herzogthum Mecklenburg-Strelitz geltenden […]

“Ordinance” issued by Adolphus Fredrick (‘Adolf Friedrich’) IV [Archduchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; Present-day Germany]: “[…] Between now and May first [of this same year] all Jews, who are not privileged,* or have been granted concession* or a passport, shall leave the Dukain lands/territories to avoid severe capital punishment, penitentiary/prison, or even [labor]camps (‘Karrenstrafe’) […] However, the […]

“Edict”* issued by King Frederich of Prussia [Kingdom of Prussia; Present-day Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Russia etc.]: “We, Frederick, King of Prussia by the grace of God, Margrave of Brandenburg, […] announce herewith and make it known that despite our ordinances and edicts from November 13, 1719, December 10, 1720, January 21, 1725, September 30, 1733, January 3, […]